Integrated Strategies for Mitigating Saltwater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Muravera (Southeastern Sardinia)
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Located in south-eastern Sardinia, the coastal aquifer of Muravera is a vital water resource for local supply and agricultural activities. However, it is subject to saltwater intrusion, a phenomenon exacerbated by excessive groundwater extraction, climate variations with prolonged drought periods, and high temperatures. This study aims to understand and mitigate the effects of salinisation through an integrated approach based on hydrogeological monitoring, numerical modelling, and sustainable water management strategies. The first step included six field campaigns focused on data collection through flow measurements of the Flumendosa River and its tributaries, as well as physico-chemical analyses of both surface water and groundwater. Parameters such as electrical conductivity, salinity, pH, Eh, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured. Vertical logs were carried out in deep wells to analyse variations in electrical conductivity and other hydrochemical parameters with depth. Piezometric levels were continuously monitored through the installation of multiparameter dataloggers at strategic points across the plain, enabling the evaluation of seasonal recharge variations and saltwater interface oscillations. Furthermore, the installation of a tide gauge will allow for an assessment of the impact of tidal fluctuations on the aquifer’s response. The simulation phase involves the development of a density-dependent numerical model (freshwater–saltwater interface) to test passive and active management scenarios. The passive management approach will evaluate the effectiveness of reducing or suspending groundwater withdrawals, whereas the active management strategy will explore controlled artificial recharge (MAR – Managed Aquifer Recharge) to counteract saltwater intrusion and improve groundwater quality. Finally, “control areas” will be identified, where multiparameter dataloggers will continuously monitor electrical conductivity, triggering early warning systems should critical thresholds be exceeded. The aim is to develop a sustainable management system, ensuring the protection of the aquifer and the restoration of degraded agricultural land. Some preliminary results have already been collected through monitoring activities, while modelling is still in progress. Final outcomes will be shared in upcoming updates.