The researchers of the SWIM community have been studying the interrelation between groundwater and the sea for many years. It seems that people have asked themselves somewhat similar questions many years ago, as found in the cuneiform texts in the Mesopotamia area (Iraq of today and nearby areas, Fig. 1). The ancient cultures included kingdoms of Akkadian and Sumerian speaking cultures, including the well-known kingdoms and empires of Babylonia and Assyria, as well as other societies, that lived in this area from around 5000 years BP till ~2000 years BP. Among the texts produced by these societies, are the famous epic of Gilgamesh and the code of Hammurabi (Fig. 2). Among the many gods in their culture, two gods appear in the Babylonian Creation Myth (dated to ca. 1000 BCE) as the first two primordial divine elements. These were the god of the subterranean freshwaters Abzu (who lives in the underground and is therefore considered as the god of groundwater although it may include the water of the big rivers, which are mainly surface water), and the goddess of the Sea (Tiamat). The mating between these two primordial gods yielded offspring which were important in the Mesopotamian culture, mythology, and theology, but of no specific hydrological significance. An exception to this is the Sumerian god Enki (called Ea in Akkadian), a god born a few generations after the initial mating of Abzu and Tiamat, who, within an intergenerational combat, killed his forefather Abzu, and since then resided in the subterranean freshwaters called Abzu as well (Apsu in Akkadian). Enki’s son, born to him in the Abzu subterranean waters is the god Marduk, who according to the myth created the world, mostly from the body of the slain Tiamat. Thus, the primordial mating of the sea and the freshwaters resulted in creation.